THE CASE REPORT OF A COVID-19 PATIENT WITH LATE DIAGNOSIS OF HIV
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Banten
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56943/jmr.v2i2.302Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) is a disease that causes hyper-systemic inflammation affecting the respiratory system and extrapulmonary system. Covid-19 causes non-specific clinical health disorders in immunocompromised patients who often do not react to treatment. One case of a 58-year-old Indonesian man with a positive GeneXpert test result for Covid-19 but did not react to routine Covid-19 first-line therapy. The patient's anti-HIV test was confirmed positive, with an absolute CD4 of 13.7 cells/L, lactate dehydrogenase of 385 U/L, and procalcitonin of 0.24 ng/mL. The patient was treated with antibiotics, remdesivir, dexamethasone, heparin, anti-HIV treatment, and other supporting medications. The PCR test was negative ten days later, the laboratory and radiology results had also stabilized. In this case, the possibility of co-detection of Covid-19 with immune system diseases such as HIV is emphasized, and the importance of further testing for suspected patients to provide accurate treatment. It is quite difficult to determine HIV risk factors, and the limited treatment options for Covid-19 and it may not be effective. This case highlighted the possibility of misdiagnosis, especially during an infectious disease pandemic, and the importance of extended testing, even if the immunological state is disregarded in immune-compromised patients.
Keywords: Covid-19 Co-infection HIV Late Diagnosis
Aditia, A. (2021). Covid-19: Epidemiologi, Virologi, Penularan, Gejala Klinis, Diagnosa, Tatalaksana, faktor Risiko dan Pencegahan. Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional, 3(4), 653–660.
Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., Hohmann, E., Chu, H. Y., Luetkemeyer, A., Kline, S., Castilla, D. L. de, & Finberg, R. W. (2020). Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med, 383(19), 1813–1826. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
Bremen, K. Van, Monin, M., Schlabe, S., Bischoff, J., & Rieke, G. J. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on HIV late diagnosis in a specialized German centre. HIV Medicine, 23(11). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.13426
Calza, L., Bon, I., Tadolini, M., Borderi, M., Colangeli, V., Badia, L., Verucchi, G., Rossini, G., Vocale, C., Gaibani, P., Viale, P., & Attard, L. (2021). COVID-19 in patients with HIV-1 infection: a single-centre experience in northern Italy. Infection, 49, 333–337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01492-7
Efriza. (2021). Covid-19. BRMJ: Baiturrahmah Medical Journal, 1(1), 60–68.
Force, C.-19 H. T. (2022). Task Force for Covid-19 Handling Circular Number 24 of 2022 on Provisions for Domestic Travels Amid Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. https://covid19.go.id/storage/app/media/Regulasi/2022/September/Taskforce Covid-19 Circular No. 24 Of 2022 On Provisions For Domestic Travels.pdf
Johnson, G., Zubrzycki, A., Henry, M., Ranadheera, C., Corbett, C., Meyers, A. F. A., Sandstrom, P. A., & Becker, M. G. (2021). Clinical evaluation of the GeneXpert® Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2/Flu/RSV combination test. Journal of Clinical Virology Plus, 1(1–2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100014
Khalisha, M., Akbar, M. I. A., & Lestari, P. (2022). The Profile of HIV Infected Pregnant Woman in Tertiary Hospital. LUX MENSANA: Journal of Scientific Health, 1(4). https://journal.jfpublisher.com/index.php/jsh/article/view/216
Organization, W. H. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-92 on 21 April 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200421-sitrep-92-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=38e6b06d_8
Organization, W. H. (2021). HIV/AIDS. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv-aids#tab=tab_1
Republik Indonesia, K. K. (2021). Peta Sebaran Covid-19. PHEOC Kemkes RI. https://covid19.go.id/peta-sebaran
Riou, C., Bruyn, E. du, Stek, C., Daroowala, R., Goliath, R. T., Abrahams, F., Said-Hartley, Q., Allwood, B. W., Hsiao, N. Y., Wilkinson, K. A., Arlehamn, C. S. L., Sette, A., Wasserman, S., & Wilkinson, R. J. (2021). Relationship of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 response to COVID-19 severity and impact of HIV-1 and tuberculosis coinfection. JCI: The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 131(12), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI149125
Vizcarra, P., Pérez-Elías, M. J., Quereda, C., Moreno, A., Vivancos, M. J., Dronda, F., & Casado, J. L. (2020). Description of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: a single-centre, prospective cohort. The Lancet HIV, 7(8), 554–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30164-8
Zhang, J.-C., Yu, X.-H., Ding, X.-H., Ma, H.-Y., Cai, X.-Q., Kang, S.-C., & Xiang, D.-W. (2020). New HIV diagnoses in patients with COVID-19: two case reports and a brief literature review. BMC Infect Dis, 20(1).
Zhu, F., Cao, Y., Xu, S., & Zhou, M. (2020). Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV in a patient in Wuhan city, China. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6), 529–530. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25732