Identification of Criminogenic Needs for Property Crime Convicts in Correctional Institution Class IIB Pangkalan Bun

This research is analyzed the factors that influence a person to commit a crime that is commonly known as criminogenic needs which focuses on property crime convicts in Correctional Institution Class IIB Pangkalan Bun. The objectives of this research are to provide an explanation of the criminogenic needs of convicts in the case of theft and to discuss the benefits of research results for determining the pattern of convicts development. This research focuses on criminogenic needs that can affect the repetition of criminal acts, with the basic concepts of Bonta and Andrews research in 2007, which explained about the risk, needs, and responsiveness. This research used a mixed methods approach. While, the research sampling process was conducted using a purposive sampling technique, that is using 59 convicts for theft cases. Data collection was conducted by several techniques, such as distributing questionnaires, interviews and literature studies. The data were obtained from the respondents' answers in the questionnaire which were processed using the SPSS version 25.0 program. The criminal record, educational and employment, financial, the relatives and family, drugs and alcohol, emotional and personality, criminal duration, and the perception of Correctional Institution can be concluded as factors for the criminogenic needs of property crime convicts in Correctional Institution Class IIB Pangkalan Bun. Based on these factors, these can used in determining the form of coaching policies given to convicts, then it is used to avoid the possibility of recidivism.


INTRODUCTION
A crime that is deemed not to have been discriminated against does not mean that act cannot be subject to sanctions. If the behavior is judged as malicious behavior and detrimental the community, then the perpetrator will definitely receive social sanctions (Hendriana et al., 2016). It is important to know that crime is a harmful act and can cause serious problems in social life. Crimes are generally committed because humans are faced with social structures that do not provide equal access to a decent living. In addition, the environment and society can also make someone commit a crime, because the habits of community can affect the individuals behaviour in it. This phenomenon generally occurs in property crimes that disturb the community. On the other hand, this type of crime reviewed through quantity terms is a type of crime that is often encountered in community (Nathania, 2017).
Crime and its factors have become a subject that has caused a lot of debate, speculation, theoretical, and research by experts (Istijab, 2020). In the concept of crime, it is required to know that crime from a legal and societal perspective also describes crime as a legal norm, an element of crime, and the relativity of crime that depends on a certain time and place (Alam & Ilyas, 2018). Individual behavior is always changing allowed with the times. Similarly with the development of crime, it becomes interesting things to discuss if it is associated with human civilization. Crime is always changing periodically, therefore, humans attempt to find various methods to prevent threats and obtain security.
The actions taken to prevent threats and obtain security are trying to prevent the repetition of crimes by implementing a punishment system in the form of a prison system which has now turned into a correctional system which in law enforcement actions must comply with applicable provisions as mandated by law (Busyro, 2019). On the other hand, the efforts that can be taken in confronting the crimes nowadays are not only to prevent crime but to reduce the increase of crimes by improving the perpetrators of crime, then they can return to being a good society and not repeat their crimes. Basically, the pattern of social life constantly changes into various changing from one place to another and also there are various crime forms from era to era in society (Ikawati, 2019).
It has been stated as a goal in the Lapas (Correctional Institution). The coaching for convicts is the main task and function of the Correctional Institution, but the reality on the ground illustrates that the implementation of ongoing coaching has not yet provided an indication that coaching for property crime convicts in prisons can prevent recidivism. Besides, the coaching effort should be a rational countermeasure in overcoming crime by a country to achieve the welfare of its citizen (Ravena, 2017).
According to the book titled "The Treatment and Rehabilitation of Offender," the convicts should be treated like people who have a plague because they are dangerous and their freedom needs to be limited until it has ceased to be a danger. Therefore, it is required to have treatment and supervision that is incorporated in effective coaching so that the convicts who have been coached are truly worthy and not dangerous to live in social life. However, based on a study conducted by Jeremy and Jochanan, it was found that convicts did not like rehabilitation, most convicts said that they wanted to change their lives by stopping committing crimes, although this was not directly disclosed by them. They stated they will to live straight way, improve and make amends, but anyone said they should be nurtured or rehabilitated. They tend to suspect that coaching is a program that is both pressing and empowering (Jacobs & Stessman, 2022). This tendency of thinking challenges us to think about how prisons should work or what should be conducted for property crime convicts in prisons. The aim is the convicts to behave well and not to repeat their criminal acts. Therefore, the effectiveness of imprisonment must be reviewed from the aspect of improving the perpetrator, then the determination of effectiveness measure laid on the special prevention aspect of the crime (Arief, 2016).
Furthermore, the Correctional Institution have to think the attempts in reducing the repetition of criminal acts of the convicts. They can implement through a program. The program is in the form of a structured assessment in the needs and risk assessment of convicts in order to identify the factors of crimonigenic needs that can make property crime convicts become recidivist. This research is important to do so that property crime convicts who have been released can be accounted for the success of their coaching. This scoring system is also an attempt to predict individual tendencies to commit crimes again and to determine the appropriate coaching strategy for convicts according to their needs and risks (Sulhin, 2016). Because the function of punishment is no longer just a deterrent but it also a process of rehabilitation and social reintegration of the convicts (Surianto, 2018).
There is a concept of coaching that emerged along with the development of crime, that is Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) which is an assessment model and rehabilitation for convicts of law violations or criminals. According to Jill Viglione, the risk principle has two important components, such as (1) the use of reliable and validated risk assessments to predict criminal behavior and (2) matching the level of service with the level of risk assessed appropriately. Inappropriate matching of the intensity of treatment with the actual level of risk of the perpetrator can lead to an increase in criminal behavior. She also stated about needs principle, the needs principle suggests that treatment programs should focus on criminogenic needs or factors directly related to the offending behavior that can be changed. In addition, General responsivity suggests that providers should consider individual learning styles and abilities when determining the style and manner of delivery of a treatment program. This principle suggests that cognitive-behavioral and social learning approaches are the most effective in producing behavior change. Specific responsivity suggests interventions be adapted to the individual's biological, social, and psychological characteristics. Therefore, different interventions or modes of intervention may be required for individuals with certain characteristics, such as anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity (Viglione, 2019). This model has been used successfully in several countries, in which this model is based on there principles, such following below: 1. The principle of risk which emphasizes that criminal behavior can be predicted and the treatment system must focus on criminals who have a high risk or it tends to repeat crime. 2. The principle of needs which highlights the importance of designing criminogenic needs in the provision of treatment. 3. The principle of responsiveness which describes how the treatment for criminals should be committed. According to three principles, the needs principle is the most relevant to the identified targets for change as required for the coaching process. In this case, needs principle that should be met but in fact it is indicated a deficiency or something wrong that needs to be corrected.
The Correctional Institution in Indonesia tries to implement a coaching program adapted to the research. This is conducted in order to achieve the goals of the Correctional Institution itself, that is preparing the correctional convicts to become good and useful citizens and to restore the unity of the relationship between them and the community (Sanusi, 2019). Then, the goal of Indonesia, such as creating a prosperous and equitable society based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of Republic Indonesia (Purba, 2016). Therefore, the actions should be taken is trying to formulate a form of coaching by observing the criminogenic needs and risks of each property crime convict.
The objectives of this research is to identify the criminogenic needs of property crime convicts because it can be concluded that recidivism by property crime convicts can occur if in the pattern of coaching of the criminogenic needs factors are not intervened. This research is also conducted to find the form of coaching policies that should be given to property crime convicts in order to prevent them from being recidivist. If there is a possibility of success, this effort is indirectly a form of effective crime prevention effort if it is implemented correctly because the effectiveness of crime prevention strategies is required to consider the factors that cause the crime (Djanggih & Qamar, 2018).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The method used in this research is a mix method which is a combination of two forms of research, these are quantitative research and qualitative research. According to (Dawadi et al., 2021) concerning the definition of mide-method research (MMR), a research methodology that combines several methods to answer research questions in an appropriate and principled manner. In this case, the researchers identify the indicators of criminogenic needs in property crime convicts or the factors that cause someone to commit the crime of theft from convicts at the Correctional Institution Class IIB Pangkalan Bun.
The instrument or questionnaire used in this research is a modification of the research instrument used by Sulhin and Hendiarto in their research titled "Identifikasi Faktor Determinan Residivisme" which issued in 2011.
The subjects of the research were the convicts in the Correctional Institution Class IIB Pangkalan Bun for committing property crimes as regulated in Article 362 (theft), 363 (theft by weight), and 365 (theft with violence)who were all male suspects.
The sampling technique used is purposive (Non Probability-Total Sampling). According to Kyu-Seong Kim statement, non-probability samples have been commonly used in the fields of case-control studies, clinical trials, observational studies and so on. It is due to research situations where the convenience or inevitability of a non-probability sample is required. It provided a natural result, if the number of samples is non-probability survey increases, there will be a need for development methodology based on non-probability samples (Kyu-Seong Kim, 2022). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25.0 data processing engine to observe indications of the relationship through descriptive analysis. Based on the four tables above, it can be seen that the history of crime requires us to further understand the other side of convicts which allows them to repeat violations the law or crimes in order to become recidivist. In this case, we not only identify but also need to think about and even create the right coaching pattern to be obtained by the related convicts.

Criminal Record
If we analyzed based on the study of crime etiology in Hirschi's social bond theory, theft case can be assumed that convicts commit acts of theft because they are separated from social bond, such as belief elements because it is possible for there to be perceptions of norm values and social norms in the form of pro-criminals which consider theft to be a correct act.  If we analyzed the table above, then the research of crime etiology is found in the social bond theory proposed by Hirschi that achieving a prosperous life which means that needs are met properly is the goal of Indonesian people. Based on the theory of commitment, in achieving goals there is always a component that includes an individual's life goals for ideal and conventional life. There are still many people who do not have permanent jobs and even unemployment in Indonesia, but the life goal to meet needs must still be achieved. In accordance with commitment theory, such a situation can be seen in the form of adaptation of innovation, that is accepting cultural goals but rejecting legal ways. In this case, it can be concluded that a person commits an act of theft in order to achieve his life goal that is prosperous life. According to the table above, it can be concluded that this condition is very possible for someone to commit acts of lawlessness or crimes such as theft and robbery in order to fulfil their basic needs because basic needs are absolute needs that must be met in order to live a balanced life. Based on the table above, it can be concluded that in the research of crime etiology in Outer/External Containment proposed by Reckless, it is stated that social interaction can generate in deviations or crimes. A person can become bad person by being associated with bad behavior and isolated from good behavior. Therefore, it can be assumed that convicts commit acts of theft because they are influenced or associated with malicious behavior that comes from their environment such as family, neighbors or friends. Based on the table above, it can be concluded that in the research of crime etiology in Outer/External Containment proposed by Reckless, it is stated that social interaction can generate in deviations or crimes. A person can become bad person by being associated with bad behavior and isolated from good behavior. Therefore, it can be assumed that convicts commit acts of theft because they are influenced or associated with malicious behavior that comes from their environment or their life problematic caused they tried illicit drugs and alcohol. This envious attitude is also a bad attitude because it often looks for their faults and they want something more like other people's life. This envious attitude when combined with low self-esteem can affect a person's thinking, attitudes, and behaviour to be negative then it has an impact on deviant behavior. It is required some attentions because identification of emotions and personality can be a benchmark in determining coaching. There is a relationship between the criminal duration and the coaching to the convicts. Usually, the convicts who receive minor punishment are considered not to have a high risk of repeating the crime. Therefore, the coaching given within the criminal period is not intensive. Such conditions should not be ignored, it should be understood that coaching is one of the main efforts in realizing the goals of correctional institution. Therefore, the most appropriate coaching and intervention needed for related convicts must be met properly. This needs further identification to find out how comfortable life is in prisons so that there are no convicts who return to criminal repetition in order to get worthy life in prison. It can be achieved if convicts feel that their life needs are more fulfilled if they live in prisons than live outside prisons. This assumption can also function as a correction to the coaching given to the convicts should be focused and maximal, both personality development to change mindsets and independence development in order to provide skills to work when free then their lives do not feel like depending on another people.

The Benefits of Criminogenic Needs Findings in the Development of Risk Assessment Instruments
Risk assessment is a step that was created to determine the level of a person committing the risk of criminal repetition. It is related to the criminogenic needs that is the basis for the risk assessment review. According to the data that has been obtained, there are dominant criminogenic needs such following below: 1. Crime history 2. Education and work 3. Finance 4. Family 5. Drugs and alcohol However, it should be noted that the dominant factor is not necessarily the main factor of risk because the stronger factors in the risk of criminal repetition such following below: 1. Criminal Record 2. Educational and Employment (including in association) 3. The Relatives and Family (including the surrounding environment) 4. Emotional and Personality 5. Criminal Duration 6. The Perception of Correctional Institution 7. Criminal Experience Therefore, in the identification of criminogenic needs, those factors in the form of criminal duration, the perception of Correctional Institution and criminal experience need to be emphasized in order to determine coaching that is adjusted to the risk assessment. Risk assessment and criminogenic needs is an effort that was formed to be a solution in handling the problem of coaching for the convicts. The coaching needed by the convicts is guidance that is directed according to the main problems faced by related convicts, it can be in the form of personality development and self-reliance development as a group or individually. It does not have to be divided into two parts which are implemented in stages as stated in PP No. 31/1999 concerning the Coaching and Guidance of Correctional Convicts, but must focus on the needs of the convicts in order to achieve the objectives of the coaching implementation implement thoroughly, effectively and optimally.
Paying attention to various things that are needed by a person is the principle of needs, if these needs are not met, the tendency to commit crimes will be higher. Therefore, in developing a risk assessment instrument, it is required to identify the criminogenic needs in depth, especially the factors that require further identification. The point here is it can be categorized which factors are included in the low, medium and high risk categories. According to the existing results, it can be designed to make a coaching program that is in accordance with the needs and risks of the convicts in order to achieve the appropriateness of the coaching.

CONCLUSION
The criminogenic needs for property crime convicts in Correctional Institution Class IIB Pangkalan Bun consist of several factors that can be used as determinants of a targeted coaching program to be implemented and enforced, such as criminal record, educational and employment, financial, the relatives and family, drugs and alcohol, emotionsal and personality, criminal duration, and the perception of Correctional Institution. Therefore, the coaching needed by the convicts is guidance that is directed according to the main problems faced by related convicts. Therefore, it is required to conduct an assessment of the convicts using a risk, needs and responsiveness model. In addition to assessing the convicts, the prison should develop models of risk, needs and responsiveness in the coaching program.
The coaching program can be created according to the criminogenic needs based on these factors that have been identified from each convict. This effort is an effective form of crime prevention if implemented properly. Risk assessment and criminogenic needs is an initial effort that was formed to be a solution in handling coaching problems for the convicts. In supporting the success of coaching, the principle of responsiveness in the way of deliver or provide coaching programs be adapted to the learning style and abilities of the convicts is also a very important thing to pay attention. Therefore, the guidance provided according to the risk, needs and responsiveness model can be in the form of personality development and independence development, both implemented in groups and individually. The implementation does not have to be divided into two parts and conducted gradually as in Government Regulation No. 31/1999 concerning the Coaching and Guidance of Correctional Convicts, but must focus on the needs of the convicts in order to achieve the objectives of the coaching implementation implement thoroughly, effectively and optimally.